中國四大名繡:蘇繡、湘繡、蜀繡、粵繡
(一)蘇繡
蘇繡是以江蘇蘇州為中心的刺繡產品的總稱,蘇繡的歷史長達2000多年,早在三國時期就有了關於蘇繡製作的記載,此後經過歷代的不斷發展完善,到明代時,蘇繡已成為蘇州地區一項普遍的群眾性副業產品,形成了「家家養蠶,戶戶刺繡」的局面。
清代的蘇繡以「精細雅潔」而聞名,當時的蘇州更有了「繡市」的譽稱,清代中後期,蘇繡在繡制技術上有了進一步發展,新出現了精美的「雙面繡」。
蘇繡具有圖案秀麗、構思巧妙、繡工細緻、針法活潑、色彩清雅的獨特風格,地方特色濃郁。
在種類上,蘇繡作品主要可分為零剪、戲衣、掛屏三大類,裝飾性與實用性兼備。其中以「雙面繡」作品最為精美。
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(二)湘繡
湘繡以歷史悠久,工藝精湛,風格獨特,品類繁多而聞名海內外,最早的湘繡製品,是長沙馬王堆一號漢代墓葬出土的一件絲織品,它所使用的針法與現代湘繡所差無幾。
經過漫長的發展,湘繡逐漸將國畫傳統特點引入其中,從而形成了自身的獨特風格,至清末民初,湘繡的發展達到鼎盛時期,在中國刺繡業中獨佔鰲頭。
湘繡主要以純絲、硬緞、軟緞、透明紗、尼綸等為原料,配以各色的絲線、絨線繡制而成,它以中國畫為神,充分發揮針法的表現力,達到構圖嚴謹,形象逼真,色彩鮮明,質感強烈,形神兼備的藝術境界。
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(三)蜀繡
蜀繡也稱「川繡」,它是以四川成都為中心的刺繡產品的總稱,蜀繡以軟緞和彩絲為主要原料,針法多達100多種,充分發揮了手繡的特長,具有濃厚的地方風格。
蜀繡題材大多為花鳥、走獸、蟲魚和人物等,品種除了繡屏之外,還有被面、枕套、靠墊、桌布、頭巾等等。
早在漢代,蜀繡之名就已譽滿天下,漢以後至五代十國時期,四川的安定局面為蜀繡的發展創造了條件,社會的需求刺激了蜀繡業的發展,到了宋代,蜀繡的發展達到鼎盛時期。
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(四)粵繡
粵繡也稱「廣繡」,據史料記載,唐代的永貞元年,廣東南海縣一位名叫盧媚娘的少女曾在一塊一尺左右的絹面上繡出七卷《法華經》,粵繡從此名揚天下,宋元時期,廣州港的繁榮促進了粵繡工藝的飛速發展,粵繡品開始輸出國外。
明代,廣州的刺繡藝人已經能夠嫺熟地運用各色絲絨線刺繡,並創造性地使用動物的尾羽纏絨作線,使繡品更加自然生動,到清代的乾隆年間,當時從事刺繡的藝人眾多,1915年後,粵繡作品在巴拿馬國際博覽會等國際賽會上多次獲得大獎。
粵繡在長期的發展過程中,受到各民族民間藝術的影響,逐漸形成了自身獨特的藝術風格,繡品主要取材於龍鳳、花鳥等,圖案構圖飽滿、均齊對稱,色彩對比強烈、富麗堂皇,在針法上具有「針步均勻、紋理分明、處處見針、針針整齊」的特點,繡品包括戲服、廳堂裝飾、聯帳、采眉、掛屏和各種日用品等。
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蘇繡是以江蘇蘇州為中心的刺繡產品的總稱,蘇繡的歷史長達2000多年,早在三國時期就有了關於蘇繡製作的記載,此後經過歷代的不斷發展完善,到明代時,蘇繡已成為蘇州地區一項普遍的群眾性副業產品,形成了「家家養蠶,戶戶刺繡」的局面。
清代的蘇繡以「精細雅潔」而聞名,當時的蘇州更有了「繡市」的譽稱,清代中後期,蘇繡在繡制技術上有了進一步發展,新出現了精美的「雙面繡」。
蘇繡具有圖案秀麗、構思巧妙、繡工細緻、針法活潑、色彩清雅的獨特風格,地方特色濃郁。
在種類上,蘇繡作品主要可分為零剪、戲衣、掛屏三大類,裝飾性與實用性兼備。其中以「雙面繡」作品最為精美。
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(二)湘繡
湘繡以歷史悠久,工藝精湛,風格獨特,品類繁多而聞名海內外,最早的湘繡製品,是長沙馬王堆一號漢代墓葬出土的一件絲織品,它所使用的針法與現代湘繡所差無幾。
經過漫長的發展,湘繡逐漸將國畫傳統特點引入其中,從而形成了自身的獨特風格,至清末民初,湘繡的發展達到鼎盛時期,在中國刺繡業中獨佔鰲頭。
湘繡主要以純絲、硬緞、軟緞、透明紗、尼綸等為原料,配以各色的絲線、絨線繡制而成,它以中國畫為神,充分發揮針法的表現力,達到構圖嚴謹,形象逼真,色彩鮮明,質感強烈,形神兼備的藝術境界。
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(三)蜀繡
蜀繡也稱「川繡」,它是以四川成都為中心的刺繡產品的總稱,蜀繡以軟緞和彩絲為主要原料,針法多達100多種,充分發揮了手繡的特長,具有濃厚的地方風格。
蜀繡題材大多為花鳥、走獸、蟲魚和人物等,品種除了繡屏之外,還有被面、枕套、靠墊、桌布、頭巾等等。
早在漢代,蜀繡之名就已譽滿天下,漢以後至五代十國時期,四川的安定局面為蜀繡的發展創造了條件,社會的需求刺激了蜀繡業的發展,到了宋代,蜀繡的發展達到鼎盛時期。
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(四)粵繡
粵繡也稱「廣繡」,據史料記載,唐代的永貞元年,廣東南海縣一位名叫盧媚娘的少女曾在一塊一尺左右的絹面上繡出七卷《法華經》,粵繡從此名揚天下,宋元時期,廣州港的繁榮促進了粵繡工藝的飛速發展,粵繡品開始輸出國外。
明代,廣州的刺繡藝人已經能夠嫺熟地運用各色絲絨線刺繡,並創造性地使用動物的尾羽纏絨作線,使繡品更加自然生動,到清代的乾隆年間,當時從事刺繡的藝人眾多,1915年後,粵繡作品在巴拿馬國際博覽會等國際賽會上多次獲得大獎。
粵繡在長期的發展過程中,受到各民族民間藝術的影響,逐漸形成了自身獨特的藝術風格,繡品主要取材於龍鳳、花鳥等,圖案構圖飽滿、均齊對稱,色彩對比強烈、富麗堂皇,在針法上具有「針步均勻、紋理分明、處處見針、針針整齊」的特點,繡品包括戲服、廳堂裝飾、聯帳、采眉、掛屏和各種日用品等。
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