[英文文法] 分詞
分詞是動狀詞的最後一種，它由動詞演化而來，根據及物和不及物兩種動詞和時態上的不同，可區分為「現在分詞」和「過去分詞」兩種，及物動詞所演化的現在分詞有進行、主動的意味，過去分詞則有完成、被動的意味；然須注意的是，由不及物動詞所演化而成的過去分詞，只有完成的意思。分詞在句子中的角色和動名詞一樣都很單純，前一節提過動名詞在句子中的角色是名詞；而本結的重點分詞在句子中的角色則為形容詞。
一、分詞的時態
及物動詞演化而成的分詞（舉write為例）
| 主動態 | 被動態 | |
| 現在分詞 | writting | being written |
| 過去分詞 | written | |
| 完成分詞 | having written | have been written |
不及物動詞所演化而成的分詞（舉go為例）（不及物動詞沒有受詞何來被動態？）
| 主動態 | |
| 現在分詞 | going |
| 過去分詞 | gone |
| 完成分詞 | having gone |
二、分詞的形式
1. 分詞作形容詞：（指形容詞的限定用法）
例：boiling water
例：a dancing building
例：the rising sun
例：a broken glass
例：boiled water
例：a well-known author
例：The girl writing the letter is Mary.
S adj. Vi SC
例：Anyone wishing to leave early may do so.
S adj. Vt O
例：The food being eaten was prepared by me.
S adj. be vt(pp) adv可省
例：This is the book written by him.
S Vi SC adj.
例：We can see a high mountain covered with snow.
S Vt O adj.
2. 分詞作補語（指形容詞的敘述用法）
例：John came running.
S V SC
例：He lay sleeping.
S Vi SC
例：It kept raining for two days.
S Vi SC adv
例：I saw him coming.
S Vt O OC
例：He kept me waiting.
S Vt O OC
例：I can’t have you doing that.
S Vt O OC
例：We were surprised to hear the news.
S Vi SC adv
例：They got married.
S Vi SC
※注意：married(adj.)已婚的，有配偶的
例：The old man seemed satisfied.
S Vi SC
※注意：satisfied(adj.)感到滿意的，滿足的
例：I founded him wounded.
S Vt O SC
※注意：wounded(adj.)受傷的
三、分詞構句
分詞構句兼有「形容詞片語」和「副詞子句」的性質，在句子中用來修飾主要子句，是為分詞構句。分詞構句的目的，是為了使句子精簡，因此分詞實具有副詞子句中連接詞、主詞、動詞三種角色。
※注意：分詞構句的過程：去連接詞、去主詞、動詞依其時態改正確的分詞。
1. 一般分詞構句
主要子句和副詞子句或對等子句的主詞一致時
例：When he arrived at the station, he found the train had left already.
連 S Vi adv S Vt N-clause
分詞構句：Arriving at the station, he found the train had left already.
分片語修飾主要子句 S Vt N-clause
例：After I had finished my work, I went home.
連 S Vt O S Vt O
分詞構句：Having finished my work, I went home.
分詞片語 S Vt O
例：As I was poor, I could not afford to buy books.
連 S Vi SC S Vt O
分詞構句：Being poor, I could not afford to buy books.
分詞片語 S Vt O
例：As I had nothing to do, I went out for a walk.
連 S Vt O adj S Vi adv adv
分詞構句：Having nothing to do, I went out for a walk.
例：As she did not know what to do, she began crying.
連 S Vt N片語 S Vt O
分詞構句：Not knowing what to do, she began crying.
分詞片語 S Vt O
例：As they had lived in China for many years, they could speak Chinese well.
連 S Vi adv adv S Vt O adv
分詞構句：Having lived in China for many years, they could speak Chinese well.
分詞片語 S Vt O adv
例：As we live a long way from town, we rarely have visitors.
連 S Vt O adv S adv Vt O
分詞構句：Living a long way from town, we rarely have visitors.
分詞片語 S adv Vt O
例：I stood there and waited for her.
S V1 adv 連 V2 介 O
分詞構句：I stood there, waiting for her.
S Vi adv 分詞片語
例：The train left Taipei at 9 p.m. and reached Kaohsiung next morning.
S V1 O adv 連 V2 O adv
分詞構句：The train left Taipei at 9 p.m, reaching Kaohsiung next morning.
S Vt O adv 分詞片語
2. 獨立分詞構句
主要子句和副詞子句或對等子句的主詞不一致時，分詞前的主詞不可省略。
●一般獨立分詞片語（一般具有表示原因、目的等等的連接詞）
例：Because the school was over, they went home.
連 S1 Vi SC S2 Vt O
獨立分詞構句：The school being over, they went home.
獨立分詞片語 S Vt O
例：Because the weather was bad, I stayed at home.
連 S1 Vi SC S2 V 介 O
獨立分詞構句：The weather being bad, I stayed at home.
獨立分詞片語 S Vt 介 O
例：Because there was nothing to do, I went home.
連 S1 Vi SC adj S2 Vt O
獨立分詞構句：There being nothing to do, I went home.
獨立分詞片語 S Vt O
例：Because the moon had risen, we put out the light.
連 S1 Vi S2 Vi 介 O
獨立分詞構句：The moon having risen, we put out the light.
獨立分詞片語 S Vi 介 O
●特殊獨立分詞片語（用with開頭的獨立分詞片語）
例：With all our money gone, we could not but beg our way home.
獨立分詞片語 S Vt O
例：With age creeping on him, he was not as energetic as he used to be.
獨立分詞片語 S Vi adv adj. 連 S Vi adv
※注意：分詞構句是為了精簡句子，能省則盡量省略，但有時候為使主要子句和副詞子句的關係更為明確，也會加連接詞。
例：Though I lived near his house, I seldom see him.
連 S Vi 介 O S adv Vt O
分詞構句：Though living near his house, I seldom see him.
連 分詞片語 S adv Vt O
四、慣用獨立分詞片語
- Generally speaking
- Judging from
- Strictly speaking
- Considering
- Speaking of