[英文文法] 形容詞

一、限定用法：在所要修飾的名詞的前面或後面直接修飾者稱之。

Ａ前位修飾：在名詞前面加修飾詞，為最單純的修飾方法。

例：her two pretty new English teachers

　　　　　　　adj　　　　　　　N

例：those six strong young man

　　　　　　　adj　　　　　N

Ｂ後位修飾：在名詞或代名詞後面加修飾詞，有以下幾種用法：

1. Something, anything, nothing, ～body, ～one＋ａｄｊ

例：something new

　　　　pron.　adj.

例：nothing important

　　  pron.　　adj.

例：things Chinese

　　　N　　adj.

例：(no one) else

　  adj. prop. adj.

★只能做限定用法的形容詞，務必牢記：

former, latter, inner, outer, main, upper, wooden, golden, druken, beaten, very, mere, only, live, utmost, certain, utter, spare

2. Ｎ＋ａｄｊ片語

※注意：有形容詞作用的片語通稱形容詞片語，所以介系詞片語，分詞片語，不定詞片語皆包含於其中〉

例：a man of honor

　　　N　　介系詞片語作形容詞用

例：the painting on the wall

　　　　　N　　介系詞片語作形容詞用

例：a girl with brown eyes

　　　N　　介系詞片語作形容詞用

例：the man (who is) sitting behind you

　　　 N　　　　　　分詞片語作形容詞用

例：the cake (that was) made by my sister

　　　  N　　　　　　　分詞片語作形容詞用

例：food to eat

　　  N　　不定詞片語作形容詞用

例：water to drink

　　　N　　不定詞片語作形容詞用

3. Ｎ＋ａｄｊ子句

※注意：子句是完整的句子，有其所屬的動詞。

例：The boy （who is wearing glasses） is my brother.

　　　S(N)　　　　　adj子句　　　　　Vi　　SC

例：This is the house （where he lived in.）

　　  S　Vi　　SC　　　　　adj子句

二、敘述用法：用補語的方式修飾。（補語有分主詞補語和受詞補語）S.+Vt+O.+OC

1. 做主詞補語﹝此類佔大多數﹞

例：She is pretty.  

     S  Vi  SC(adj)

例：They look alike.

      S   Vi  SC(adj)

例：They look [like superstar].

　　　　　Vi　 介　　N

例：He was alone in the house.

     S  Vi  SC(adj)   adv

2. 做受詞補語﹝極少數﹞

例：I found her absent. 

　　S　Vt　O　OC(adj)

★有些形容詞只有敘述用法，如下：

afraid, alike, alive, alone, asleep, ashamed, aware, awake, allergic, unable, worth, well, sure, content, contented, ill……

※注意：alone也可以有限定用法，但只能做後位修飾。

例：The kid alone is crying (over there).

　　　S　　 adj.　　Vi　　　 adv.

  

三、關係代名詞：關係代名詞也是形容詞的一種表達形式，它其實屬於上述的「限定用法」中，但是因為結構複雜，因此別立而出。

1. N﹝主格關代+不完整子句→缺主詞﹞

N+who/ that/ which/ whose+N/+V+......(結構缺主詞，因為關代代了主詞)

※注意：主格關代皆可以省略﹝whose+N不能且關代後不是動詞也不能省略﹞，把動詞改成「分詞」，而分詞的型態取決於主動或被動，切記，跟動詞的時態一點關係也沒有；再者，主格關代省略之後若只剩下分詞，則可以放在名詞的前面當作前位修飾。

例：An aberration is some property of a lens or a curved mirror which impairs(=impairing) its abilities to form a perfect image.                           

例：[Unlike other scientists (who pioneer(=pioneering) in the field of photovoltaic)], John Sallinger started at a very early age.

例：Geometry generalizes certain basic principles that govern(=governing) the calculation of various shapes.

例：Among all factors (influencing the agricultural yields), weather is the one (which affects(=affecting) farmers the most).                                          

例：During the rock concert, the singers [whose function was to involve the audience] were successful.

例：Those (who are encouraged(=couraged(被動用過去分詞)) to be independent and responsible in childhood) are likely to be more ambitious.

例：The forests of the island of Madagascar shelter species, which relate(=relating) those of region, were formerly several single pieces of landmass.

例：According to the investigation of GATT, reserves od oil which is known(=known) will be sufficient for the twenty-first century.

因為變成分詞後，後面已是主要子句，所以可江known提到名詞前便成限定用法的前位修飾，如下：

According to the investigation of GATT, known reserves of oil will be sufficient for the tewnty-first century.

例：Known deposit of tin can provide the world’s need for hundreds of years in the approximate of the earth scientists.

常出現的錯誤：

Journalists are prople who are engaged in reporting all what happens around the world.

若放all，則後面應該用形容詞子句；不放all，後面的what所連接的就是名詞子句。

2. N﹝受格關代+不完整子句→缺受詞﹞ 

N+whom/ that/ which/ whose+N/+V+......(結構缺受詞，因為關代代了受詞)

※受格關代的省略狀況如主格關代。

例：Of all the European cities, Paris is the one [which tourists like to visit most].

※注意：visit是及物動詞，因此which是受格關代。

例：Robin Williams is an actor whom people think to be the best in the field of film industry.

(think後面缺受詞，whom擔任受格關代的角色)

例：Children exposed to large amounts of violence on TV may become temporarily more offensive, which results in more criminals whom we think to be the cource of terrorism.

(think後面缺受詞，whom擔任受格關代的角色)

3. N+介系詞+關係代名詞(只有which和whom兩種)+完整子句

介係詞的選用情況一：

介係詞的選用必須取決於形容詞子句中動詞應該搭配的語意來判斷。

例：By tracing the eye of a typhoon, weather forcasyers can determine the speed at which a typhoon is moving.

介係詞的選用情況二：

介係詞如果前面的名詞是關於地點、原因、方法、時間，則必須選用適當的介係詞，而且介係詞+關代可以分別改為where, why, how, when

※注意：用介係詞加關代較能表達語意，有時候換成關係副詞反而失去你要表達的實際意義。

例：This is the place at / in which I met her.

　→This is the place where I met her.

例：This is the reason for which I met her.

　→This is the reason why I met her.

例：This is the way by / with / in which I met her.

　→This is the way how I met her.

例：This is the time on / at / during which I met her.

　→This is the time when I met her.

例：The chief factor for which he works inefficiently is still doubted.

　→The chief factor why he works inefficiently is still doubted.

請比較差異：The chief factor for his inefficient work is still doubted.

例：Taiwan is a country in which there are plenty of delicious food.

　→Taiwan is a country where there are pleny of delicious food.

例：John is my best friend from whom I always borrow money.

例：Since 1967, Caladesi Island has been a part of Florida’s park system for which archeological researchers are looking.

形容詞的重要句型

以下所要談的句型，是就形容詞之「敘述用法」而言。

●在五大動詞句型中，不完全不及物動詞的句型為：

Ｓ＋不Ｖｉ＋ＳＣ＋ｔｏ　Ｖ

（※注意：不定詞在此扮演的角色是副詞）

ｂｅ＋ａｄｊ＋ｔｏ　Ｖ

例：I am glad to see you.

　　S Vi  SC　toV表副詞

例：She is afraid to walk in the dark.

　　  S  Vi　SC　toV表副詞

例：I am eager to do it.

　　S Vi　SC　toV表副詞

例：English is not difficult to learn.

　　　 S　  Vi　　　SC　　toV表副詞

例：It is possible to do that.

　　S Vi　SC　　toV表副詞

例：He was stupid to make such a mistake.

　　S　Vi　  SC　　to V表副詞

★如以上用法之形容詞尚有：

Glad, delighted, happy, pleased, afraid, anxious, eager, surprised, sorry, disappointed, ready, willing, certain, able, unable, likely, difficult, easy, dangerous, impossible, good, bad, kind, right, wrong, honest, polite, impolite, clever, wise, unwise, stupid, foolish, careless, careful……

  

●五大動詞時曾說過，不及物動詞本不加受詞，但若要加受詞，必須用介＋Ｎ的方式，此時介＋Ｎ不是副詞，所以不能省略。

Ｓ＋Ｖｉ＋ＳＣ＋介＋Ｎ

　　　　　　　　（受詞角色，不可省略）

Ｓ＋Ｖｉ＋ａｄｊ＋介＋Ｎ

例：I am fond of music.

　  S  Vi  SC　介+N表受詞

例：Don’t be jealous of other people’s success.

　　　　  Vi　 SC　　介+N表受詞

例：I am sure of it.

　　S Vi  SC  介+N表受詞

例：He is angry with his brother.

　　S　Vi  SC　　介+N表受詞

例：She is anxious about her daughter.

　　  S  Vi　SC　　　介+N表受詞

★此類形容詞相當重要，每個都要牢記，尚有：

be afraid of	害怕	be angry with	對某人發怒
be fond of	喜歡	be anxious about	關懷，擔心
be jealous of	忌妒	be anxious for	切望，渴望，焦慮
be proud of	以～為榮	be eager for	切望，渴望
be sure of (be certain of)	確信某事	be good for	有益於
be different from	不同於	be bad for	有害於
be angry at	對某事發怒	be good to	厚待～
be polite to	對～有禮貌	be kind to	對～何善
be sorry for	對～婉惜，因～抱歉	be grateful(thankful) to sb.	感謝某人
be responsible for st.	對某事負責任	be opposite to	與～相反
be contrary to	與～相反，矛盾	be ashamed of	以～為恥
be interested in	對～感興趣	be surprised at	對～感到驚奇
be pleased at	對某事喜歡	be pleased with	對某人喜歡
be content(ed) with	對～滿足	be satisfied with	對～滿足
be crowded with	擠滿了～	be filled with	裝滿了～
be full of	充滿了～

●可以用子句補充說明。 

Ｓ＋Ｖｉ＋ＳＣ＋子句

例：I am glad (that you have come).

　　S Vi  SC　　　　子句

例：He is afraid (that he may fail).

　　S  Vi SC　　　　子句

形容詞的破格

● ｔｈｅ＋ａｄｊ＝複數Ｎ

例：the rich　富者

例：the wise and the foolish　賢者和愚者

例：the strong and the weak　強者和弱者

例：the young　青年

例：the learned　有學問的人

●ｏｆ＋抽象名詞＝ａｄｊ片語

例：a man (of honor)　正直的人

例：a man (of wisdom)　賢者

例：of great value　很有價值的

●worth和worthy的用法：

一般的句子在SC後面若要接受詞，必須用介＋Ｎ的方式，但是worth卻可以直接加受詞在後面。

例：It is worth seeing.

　　S Vi  SC　  受

例：It is worth one hundred dollars.

　　S Vi  SC 　　　　受

而worthy是一般的adj，後面接受詞時，必須用介＋Ｎ的方式完成。

例：It is worthy of seeing. (be worthy of+受)

　　S Vi  SC　　介+N表受詞