[英文文法] 純真無邪動名詞
動名詞是動狀詞中的一種,但是他比不定詞要單純許多,前一節提過不定詞在句子中可以扮演三種角色,但是動名詞在句子中只具有名詞的角色。
一、動名詞的時態
主動態 | 被動態 | |
簡單式 | doing | being done |
完成式 | having done | having been done |
在五大動詞句型當中,除了動詞的時態已經固定,可以當名詞的地方還有1主詞、2及物動詞的受詞、3主詞補語、4受詞補語、5介系詞後的受詞,所以在這些地方,都可以發現動名詞的身影。
1. 動名詞作主詞
例:Reading makes us happy.
S Vt O OC
例:Smoking is a bad habit.
S Vi SC
例:(Spending money) is easier than making it.
S1 Vi SC 連 S2
例:It is no use crying over spilt milk.
虛 Vi SC 真主詞
→Crying over spilt milk is no use.
Vi 介 受
2. 及物動詞後的受詞
例:I like swimming.
S Vt O
例:We must avoid making such a mistake.(avoid+Ving)
S Vt O
※買東西時必須避免受騙
→You must avoid being deceived purchasing.
例:She enjoys cooking.(enjoy+Ving)
S Vt O
3. 介系詞的受詞
例:We are tired of (hearing the same story).
S Vi SC 介 O
例:He insists on (doing that).
S Vi 介 O
※這個颱風使我們不能去日本
→This typhoon prevented us from go to Japan.
例:The storm prevented me from starting.
S Vt O 介 受
例:I am ashamed of having done that.
S Vi SC 介 受
例:We are surprised at his speaking English fluently.
S Vi SC 介 受
※注意:動名詞前面可以用所有格指稱之。
例:We are surprised at his fluent speaking of English.
S Vi SC 介 受
※注意:動名詞基本上就是名詞,前面可以有形容詞修飾之。
例:She thanked him for having saved her child.
S Vt O 介 事
4. 補語:包括主詞補語和受詞補語
例:Seeing is believing.
S Vi SC
例:Teaching is learning.
S Vi SC
例:His hobby is (collecting stamps).
S Vi SC
二、及物和不及物動詞所變化而來的動名詞,是介於動詞和名詞之間的角色,在句子中他扮演名詞角色的位置,他的「動詞」身分體現於後面可以加受詞且有時態變化。所以基本上他還是名詞,可以用所有格來指稱之,如各種所有格和of
例:his (reading the letter)
所有格 動名詞
例:the hunter’s endless killings of wild animals
所有格 動名詞
※注意:由不及物動詞所變化而來的動名詞,不能夠以of指稱,所有格還是可以。
例:Her coming home early surprised us all.(她的晚歸使我們驚訝。)
come是不及物動詞,不能作 The coming home early of her surprised us all.
例:He insists on my being wrong.
S Vi 介 受
例:He insists on my going there.
S Vi 介 受
例:I am sure of his coming.
S Vi SC 介 受
三、有一些動詞,後面可以接不定詞或動名詞,但是需注意的事,意思往往不一樣。動名詞大多表示一個存在的事實,不定詞大多表示一個未來動作。
此類動詞有 start, begin, continue, like, dislike, hate, love, prefer, intend, regret, remember, forget, be worthwhile, be accustomed to
例:I remember seeing him.(我記得曾經見過他)
S Vt O
例:Remember to send the letter.(記得要寄出這封信)
Vt O
例:I like (being married).(已經結婚且喜歡結婚這件事)
S Vt O
例:I like to be married.(我喜歡而且期待結婚這件事)
S Vt O
四、動名詞慣用語
1. cannot help Ving ※can not help +原V.
例:She cannot help laughing.
S Vt O
2. feel like Ving
↑want
例:I don’t feel like dancing.
S Vi 介 O
3. be used to Ving
例:I am used to (walking to school).
S Vt(pp) 介 O
4. On Ving
例:He jumped with joy on hearing the news.
S Vi adv 介 O
5. be worth (Ving)
例:The book is worth reading.
S Vi SC
★6. be busy Ving
例:I am busy (in) (writing a novel).
S Vi SC 介 O