[英文文法] 代名詞
一、指示代名詞
指示代名詞和指示形容詞的差別僅一線之隔,明確指出一定事物或人的稱為只是代名詞;後面加名詞的是指示形容詞。
1. this/that/these/those
作代名詞使用
例:This is my card, and that is yours.
S2 Vi SC 連 S2 Vi SC
例:That (which annoys me) is your voice.
S adj-clause Vi SC
※注意:以that當先行詞時只能以which作關係代名詞。
作形容詞使用
例:This book is ours.
S Vi SC
作副詞使用〈較為口語〉
例:Was the fish really that big?
Vi S adv adv adj
其他用法:
代表時間
例:in these days(現今)
例:this time(這次)
例:in those days(那時,當時)
代替前面所提過的名詞,在比較句法中常看到。而且只能用that或those來代替前面的名詞。
例:The colors of the American flag are the same as those of the Chinese flag.
S1 Vi SC 連 S2
〈用those代替前面的the colors〉
this表後者;that表前者〈都作代名詞使用,前面一定要指名主角,不能獨善其身〉
例:Health is above wealth; for this cannot give so much happiness as that.
S Vi 介 O 連 S Vt O 連 S
those who……怎樣的人們〈代名詞作先行詞使用〉
※注意:只能用those表示人們
例:Heaven helps those who help themselves.
S Vt O adj-clause
例:Those who are idle will not succeed.
S adj-clause Vi
例:We admire those who work hard.
S Vt O adj-clause
關於this/that的慣用語如下:
- That’ll do.(那樣行了)
- at this(一聽到這個;一見到這個)
- with this(於是)
- for this/for that(儘管如此)
2. such
作代名詞使用
例:Such was the case.(情形是這樣)
S Vi SC
例:Such are the results.(結果是這樣)
S Vi SC
作形容詞使用
例:I don’t like such a man.(單數)
S Vt O
例:I don’t like such men.(複數)
S Vt O
例:I have never seen such a man as he.
S1 Vt O 連 S2
例:She was such a kind girl that everyone liked her.
S Vi SC adj-clause
※注意:such後面必加名詞;such…that 表示「如此……以致於……」
3. same
作代名詞使用
例:This is the same as that.
S1 Vi SC 連 S2
作形容詞使用
例:We go to the same school.
S Vi 介 O
例:I want to buy the same book as yours.
S Vt O 連 S2
※關於as的用法如下
作副詞
例:Sam is as rich as Alexander.(像…一樣)
S1 Vi adv adj 連 S2
例:Tired as he was, he sat up late.(雖然)
SC adv S Vi S Vi adv
※注意:因為強調tired,所以倒裝。
作介系詞
例:Such animals as foxes and squirrels have bushy tails.(例如)
S 介+N=adj片語 Vt O
例:She works as a interpreter.(作為)
S Vi 介 O
例:The old man was dressed as a young man.(像…)
S be Vt(pp) 介+N表副詞,可省
作連接詞
例:The work is not so difficult as you imagine.(如…)
S1 Vi SC 連 S2 Vi
例:As she left the room she remembered that book.(當…)
連 S1 Vt O S2 Vt O
例:As the sun rose the fog dispersed.(隨著)
連 S1 Vi S2 Vi
例:We didn’t know what to do as we were just visiting there.(因為)
S1 Vt O 連 S2 Vt O
作代名詞〈引導子句,將前述內容作補充〉
例:She has married again, as we expected. (如同)
S1 Vi adv 代 S2 Vi
例:We are tired, as everyone can see.
S1 Vi SC 代 S2 Vi
4. so
作代名詞
例:I think so.
S Vt SC
作形容詞
例:Is that so?
Vi S SC
作副詞〈因為強調與氣而產生倒裝的用法,即so+V+S
例:So was I.
例:So am I.
例:So do I.
例:So must you.
二、不定代名詞
沒有明確指稱人或物的代名詞稱作不定代名詞;後面接名詞的則稱不定形容詞。some和any都可以指稱或修飾可數或不可數名詞。
1. some/any
作代名詞使用
例:There are some.
S Vi SC
例:Some of the books are mine.
S Vi SC
例:Some of his money is here.
S Vi SC
例:There are not any.
S Vi SC
例:Is there any?
Vi S SC
例:If there is any, please give me some.
連 S Vi SC Vt O
作形容詞使用
例:I want some new books.
S Vt O
例:I want some food.
S Vt O
例:There is some food.
S Vi O
例:You can come any time.(任何,任一)
S Vt O
例:Any boy can do that.
S Vt O
例:I’ll come some day next week.
S Vi adv
※注意:any通常用於疑問句、否定句、條件句;some用在肯定句;若有例外是為了表示誠懇、親切的態度。
例:Would you like some?
助V S Vt O
anything anyone anybody something someone somebody no one everything nothing nobody | +單數V |
例:Somebody is knocking at the door.
S Vi 介 O
例:Something is wrong with the car.
S Vi SC adv
例:There was nothing in the box.
S Vi SC adv
2. one(單數)/ones(複數)
作代名詞使用
例:She had three flowers; a red one and two white ones.
S Vt O O1 連 O2
例:One must know oneself. (當主詞和受詞一樣時一定要用反身代名詞)
S Vt O
例:One should love his country. (像這樣子是很不正式的說法喔!)
S Vt O
例:One must do one’s best. (one的所有格是one’s)
S Vt O
例:Everyone has his work to do.
S Vt O adj.
例:Everyone must know himself.
S Vt O
※注意:配合陰性的受格的不定代名詞尚有no one, anyone, someone, everyone
3. no one(口語用)/none(文言文用)
no one+單數V
none+單數或複數V皆可,不可數名詞用單數(且常與of連用)
作代名詞使用
例:No one is absent.
S Vi SC
例:None is(are) completely happy.
S Vi adv adj.
例:No one knows the man.
S Vt O
例:Nobody knows the man.
S Vt O
例:None know(s) the man.
S Vt O
例:I want none of these.
S Vt O
例:That is none of your business.
S Vi O
例:Are there any oranges in the basket?
No, there are none.(可數名詞用複數或單數皆可,問句為複數態)
例:Is there any water in the bottle?
No, there is none.(不可數名詞用單數)
4. each(每一個)/every(每個)
each/every+單數N+單數V
作代名詞使用
例:Each has two books.
S Vt O
作形容詞使用
例:Each boy has his own books.
S Vt O
例:Every student had a pen.
S Vt O
例:Every one of them is kind.
S Vi SC
作副詞使用(只有each有副詞功用)
例:They cost ten dollars each.
S Vt O adv
其他特殊用法和慣用語
●every~+every~+單數V
例:Every boy and (every) girl is happy.
●everybody / everyone / everything /+單數V
例:Everybody has his duty.
例:Everything has an end.
●every other day(每隔一天)
●every three days(每三天一次)
5. both/all
●作代名詞使用
例:Both are useful.
S Vi SC
例:Both of them are right.
S Vi SC
例:Both want to ride motorcycles.
S Vt SC
例:All are present; none are absent.
S1 Vi SC S2 V2 SC
例:All of us are happy.
S Vi SC
例:All is lost.
S Vi SC
例:All of the money was lost.
S Vi SC
例:All will come to the farewell party.
S Vt O
例:All that glistens is not gold.
S adj-clause Vi SC
※注意:all可加可數Ns+複數V或加不可數N+單數V
作形容詞使用
例:I like you both.
S Vt O adj.
例:Both his brothers are officers.
S Vi SC
例:All people were happy.
S Vi SC
例:All hope is gone.
S Vi SC
例:All your money is here.
S Vi SC
作副詞使用
例:He hate him all the more.
S Vt O adv adj.
例:She is all in favor of my suggestion.
S Vi adv 介 O
all的慣用語
- all at once(突然)
- above all(尤其主要者)
- for all~(雖然)
- in all(合計)
6. either(兩者任一)/neither(兩者中無一個)
作代名詞使用
例:Either will do.
S Vi
例:Neither will do.
S Vi
例:Either of them is good.
S Vi SC
例:Neither of them is here.
S Vi SC
作形容詞使用
例:Either boy has to go.
S Vt O
例:Neither girl likes to go.
S Vt O
7. other/another
作代名詞使用
單數 | 複數 | |
不定 | another另一個 | others其他的;別人 |
指定 | the other另一個 | the others其餘那些 |
例:Show me another.(其他隨便一個)
Vt O1 O2
例:Show me others.(其他的一些)
Vt O1 O2
例:Give me the other.(有指定的另一個)
Vt O1 O2
例:Give me the others.(有指定的其餘那些)
Vt O1 O2
例:Don’t be selfish, think of others.(別人)
助V Vi SC Vi 介 O
作形容詞使用
單數 | 複數 | |
不定 | another+N另一個*** | other Ns 其他的*** |
指定 | the other+N 另一個*** | the other Ns其餘那些*** |
例:Show me another hat. (隨便一頂帽子)
Vt O1 O2
例:Show me other hats. (隨便一些帽子)
Vt O1 O2
例:I want the other one. (有指定的另一個)
S Vt O
例:I want the other ones. (有指定的其餘那些)
S Vt O
關於other或another或other的慣用語
●one…, another一個…又一個…
例:To know is one thing, to practice is another.
S1 Vi SC S2 Vi SC
●some…, others…有些…另一些…
例:Some are good, but others are not.
S1 Vi SC 連 S2 Vi
●each other兩者互相
例:John and Mary like each other.
S Vt O
●one another多者互相
例:All of them understand one another.(受格)
S Vt O
例:The four students are proud of one another.(受格)
S Vi SC 介 O
例:They look at each other’s notes.(所有格)
S Vi 介 O
※注意:以上兩者只有受格和所有格兩種用法。
●the other day日前,幾天前
例:I met him the other day.
S Vt O adv
●one after another陸續地
例:They left the house one after another.
S Vt O adv
8. many/few(幾乎沒有)/a few(一些)
作代名詞使用
例:Many think that he will win.
S Vt O
例:Only a few of them are bad.
S Vi SC
例:Are there many?
No, there are few.
There are only a few, not many.
作形容詞使用
既然作形容詞,就有比較級用法。
例:He has few books.
S Vt O
例:He had a few books.
S Vt O
例:There were a few oranges.
S Vi SC
※注意:many正宗用法是後面接複數,若後面加a則為破例,多於文言文或演講中用,為了強調「甚多」。
例:Many a man has been killed.
S be Vt (pp)
與many同義的慣用語
a lot of = lots of = plenty of = a large number of = a number of
9. much/little(幾乎沒有)/a little(一些)
作代名詞使用
例:Much has been written on this project.
S be Vt (pp) adv
例:Little is known about this.
S be Vt (pp) adv
例:Much of this is not sure.
S Vi SC
例:Is there much?
No, there is little.
There is a little, not much.
作形容詞使用
例:There is little hope.
S Vi SC
例:There is a little hope.
S Vi SC
例:Do you have much money?
I have much money.
I have a little money.
例:I know very little English, and less about English grammar.
S Vt O 連 adj. adv
與much同義的慣用語
●a good deal of= much
例:It snowed a good deal.
●a great deal of= very much
例:He had a great deal of money.
●a lot of= lots of= plenty of
以上三者可以修飾可數名詞和不可數名詞,所以等同於much和many
※注意:many和much的最高級都是most,所以需注意後面代表的是可數名詞還是不可數名詞。
例:Many students will go to the conference, most are seniors.
S Vi 介 O S Vi SC
例:Our body needs water, most of it is stored in the body.
S Vt O S beVt (pp) adv
三、疑問代名詞
在直接疑問句當中,疑問代名詞領導一個問句,且在問句當中扮演主詞或受詞等等角色,而根據其扮演的角色不同,句型也有倒裝和不倒裝的差別。若疑問代名詞代的是主詞,那麼疑問句就不倒裝;如果疑問代名詞代的是非主詞的格位,那麼此疑問句就必須倒裝。
疑問代名詞表主格時
例:Who knows it?
S Vt O
例:What has happened?
S Vi
疑問代名詞表非主格時
例:Who are they?
SC Vi S
例:Whom did you meet?(助動詞就是動詞,因此它倒裝了)
O 助 S Vt
例:Whom are you talking with?(whom是介系詞with的受詞)
O beV S Vi 介
例:What is he?
SC Vi S
例:What do you want?
O 助 S Vt
例:Which is mine?
SC Vi S
例:Which do you like best?
O 助 S Vt adv
從以上就可以知道,疑問代名詞所呈現的樣子會根據它在句子中扮演的角色而有不同,以下就列出四種疑問代名詞的主格與受格的形式,請牢記。
主格 | who | what | which | whose +N |
受格 | whom | what | which | whose +N |
疑問代名詞在以上獨立疑問句當中,因為主格和受格的不同,才有資格討論倒裝和不倒裝的問題,但是如果疑問代名詞所帶領的句子只是附屬在主要子句之下的時候,就沒有討論倒裝和不倒裝的空間,一律「不倒裝」,且疑問代名詞在句子中表示一個「代詞」,一個不可或缺的角色,所以他所帶領的句子必然是「不完整子句」。
例:I know what you want.
S Vt O
在句子中,what領導整個名詞子句,在句子中扮演著受詞的角色。若缺少了what,子句就不完整了。
例:Do you know which he likes?
助 S Vt O
在句子中,which領導整個名詞子句,在名詞子句中扮演著受詞的角色。若缺少which,子句就不完整了。
例:Let me know whom you saw.
Vt O Vt O
在句子中,whom領導整個名詞子句,在名詞子句中扮演saw的受詞,若缺少whom,子句就不完整了。
例:Ask him who wants it.
Vt O N-clause
在句子中,who領導整個名詞子句,在名詞子句中扮演主詞的角色,若缺少who,則子句就不完整了。
總之,疑問代名詞在獨立造疑問句中才能討論倒不倒裝,當疑問代名詞降級為名詞子句的時候,只是寄人籬下,皆不倒裝。再者,疑問代名詞所帶領的疑問代名詞,後面都接「不完整子句」,原因在於疑問代名詞所「代」的,就是名詞子句中的要角,有了這個代名詞,才算完整。
另外一種疑問代名詞稱為「複合代名詞」用法同一般的疑問代名詞,唯一不同的是,複合代名詞所帶領的子句表示任何一個人、事、物。並非問題。如下表所示。
主格 | whoever | whatever | whichever | whosever +N |
受格 | whomever | whatever | whichever | whosever +N |
例:I don’t know whatever you like.
S Vt O
在句子中,whatever領導整個子句,在子句中扮演受詞的角色,意思是「我不知道任何你喜歡的東西」。
※注意:和以下句子比較
I don’t know what you like.和上句唯一不同的是,what帶領的名詞子句表示一個「問題」、一個「疑問」,意思是「我不知道甚麼是你喜歡的」。
例:Whoever says this is mistaken.
S Vi SC
在句子中,whoever領導一個名詞子句,在子句中處於主詞的角色,有了它,子句才完整。
例:Give it to whomever you like.
Vt O 介 O
在句子中,whomever所領導的名詞子句是介系詞to的受詞,而whomever在子句中是like的受詞,有了它,整個子句才算完整。
例:Whatever I have is yours.
S Vi SC
在句子中,whatever領導一個表示主詞的名詞子句,whatever在名詞子句中扮演主詞的角色,有了它,名詞子句才算完整。
例:Take whichever you like.
在句子中,whichever領導一個表示受詞的名詞子句,whichever在名詞子句中扮演like的受詞,有了它,名詞子句才完整。
引導名詞子句的詞,除了以上十六個疑問代名詞和複合代名詞以外,還有其他領導名詞子句的詞,但是後面加的卻是「完整子句」,原因在於以上十六個疑問代名詞他們在名詞子句中,都扮演著主格或受格等要角,但是有些帶領名詞子句的詞,本身不作代名詞,在名詞子句中不扮演主格或受格的角色,所以後面必須加完整子句。
when 表時間 | how 表如何 |
where 表地點 | whether 表是否 |
why 表疑問 | that 表事實 |
例:I wonder when the movie ended.
S Vt O
在句子中,when所帶領的名詞子句是整個主要子句的受詞,且由他所帶領的是一個「完整」的名詞子句,the movie是主詞,ended是動詞,沒有when還是一個完整的句子,when在子句中扮演一個「提問時間」的角色。
例:Do you know why David played computer games this morning?
助 S Vt O
在句子中,why所帶領的名詞子句是know的受詞,而名詞子句是完整的子句,David是主詞,played是動詞,computer games是受詞;why在名詞子句的角色是「提問原因」
例:Whether you will go or not is not my business.
S Vi SC
在句子中,whether所帶領的名詞子句是主要子句的主詞,而名詞子句是完整的句子,you是主詞,will go or not是動詞;whether在名詞子句中的意思是「是否」。
例:That math is the most useful parts of scientific knowledge is agreed.
S beVt (pp)
在句子中,that領導的名詞子句是整個主要子句的主詞,其領導的子句主詞和動詞完整,而that表示一個事實。