[英文文法] 英文五大動詞句型
一、及物動詞(Vt)：後面必須緊接受詞的動詞稱之。
〈一〉完全及物動詞：動詞後緊接受詞就能完整表達語意者。
主動態：Ｓ＋Ｖｔ＋Ｏ（受詞形式：Ｎ／Ｖｉｎｇ動名詞／名詞片語／名詞子句／不定詞）
例：I ate the apple.
S Vt O
例：I like reading.
S Vt O
例：We know [where he lives.]
S Vt N-clause
例：I know [what to do.]
N片語
例：I like to eat apples.
S Vt to V
被動態：Ｓ＋ｂｅ Ｖｔ＋（介系詞＋Ｎ／Ｖｉｎｇ）
(p.p)
※注意：若介＋Ｎ用以表示副詞，則可有可無，位置不限；若★表示受詞，則不可以省略。
（用Ｖｉｎｇ的形式表受詞是相當常見的方式）
例：The apple was eaten (by me.)
S be vt(pp) adv.(可省略)
→(By me,) the apple was eaten.
例：He was not used to walking very long distances.
S be vt(pp) 介 Ving adv
例：I am opposed to going shopping with others.
S be vt(pp) 介 Ving adv
例：The man was accused of killing his wife.
S be vt(PP) 介 Ving
例：This book [is related] to our issue.
S be vt(pp) 介 N.
主動態→The issue relates this book.
S vt O.
例：The letter is chiefly concerned with export commodities.
S be vt(pp) 介 N.
例：Good students are exempted from attending study hall.
S be vt(pp) 介 Ving
〈二〉不完全及物動詞：後面緊接受詞後，仍無法完整表達語意，因此受詞後加以「受詞補語」使語意完整。
主動態：Ｓ＋不Ｖｔ＋Ｏ＋ＯＣ（Ｎ／ａｄｊ→分詞也是形容詞／ｔｏ Ｖ／Ｖｉｎｇ）[皆可當受詞補語]
此類常見的動詞可分三類：
A: 表想法、認為、想像、猜測之類的動詞
think, suppose, conceive, feel, consider, guess, believe, say……
B: 表感官的動詞
watch, see, oberve, perceive, hear, smell, touch……
C: 表假設、要求、命令、需要之類的動詞
make, have, let（使役動詞）,want, require, need, hope, expect……
以下就常見之受詞補語舉例之： Ｓ＋Ｖｔ＋Ｏ＋ＯＣ
Ｓ＋Ｖｔ＋Ｏ＋Ｎ
例：They made him a soldier.
→A soldier was made (by me.)
Ｓ＋Ｖｔ＋Ｏ＋ａｄｊ
例：Keep your mouth clean.
Ｓ＋Ｖｔ＋Ｏ＋ｔｏ Ｖ
例：The teacher encouraged students to study hard.
此類動詞須牢記，尚有：tell, persuade, order, warn, advice, remind, help＋Ｏ＋ｔｏ Ｖ Ｓ＋Ｖｔ＋Ｏ＋子句→ＯＣ
例：He has made me [what I am today.]
S Vt O N-clause作受詞
被動態：Ｓ＋ｂｅ Ｖｔ＋ＳＣ＋（介＋Ｎ）
(p.p) 主補
〈三〉授與動詞：授與動詞最大的特色是動詞後面有兩個受詞。（間接受詞Ｏ1／直接受詞Ｏ2）
主動態：Ｓ＋授Ｖｔ＋人＋物
主動態：Ｓ＋授Ｖｔ＋物＋介＋人
被動態：人＋ｂｅ 授Ｖｔ＋（介＋Ｎ）
(p.p)
被動態：物＋ｂｅ 授Ｖｔ＋介＋人
(p.p)
此類動詞常見的有：
| Give, lend, send, write, bring, hand, pass, deliver, show, teach, tell, sell, pay, owe, do. Promise, offer | 物 | to | 人 |
| Buy, bring, get, leave, make, do | for | ||
| ask | of | ||
| play | On |
例：I lend some money to John.
S Vt 物 介 人
→I lend John some money.
S Vt 人 物
→Some money was lent to John (by me.)
物 be vt(pp) 介 人 adv.
例：Get the ball for me, please.
Vt 物 介 人
例：I must ask a favor of you.
S Vt 物 介 人
例：They played a trick on him.
S Vt 物 介 人
二、不及物動詞(Vi)：這類動詞後面不得加受詞。若欲加受詞，也不能直接在後面加受詞，須用「介＋Ｎ」的形式。
〈一〉完全不及物動詞：不用受詞就能完整表達語意者。
第一種主動態：Ｓ＋Ｖｉ（不加受詞的情況）
例：Flowers bloom.
S Vi
例：Something ★(happened) last night.
S Vi adv.可省
此類經典動詞有： happen, occur, arise, rise, emerge, appear, disappear
★第二種主動態：Ｓ＋Ｖｉ＋介＋Ｎ（加受詞的情況）
※注意：介＋Ｎ表副詞可省略，表受詞則不可以省略；此外後面的受詞常以動名詞或不定詞方式呈現。
例：That sort of thing varies [from person to person].(因人而異)
S Vi 介 N
例：The temperature ranges between 30 and 40 degrees centigrade.
S Vi 介 N
例：No one objected to the plan.
S Vi 介 N
例：Parents objected to punishing their children.
S Vi 介 Ving 形式作受詞
例：We look forward to seeing you next time.
S Vi 介 Ving 形式作受詞
〈二〉不完全不及物動詞：這類動詞後面不加受詞，但是語意尚未完整，因此於動詞之後緊接主詞補語，以完整表達語意。
第一種主動態：Ｓ＋Ｖｉ＋ＳＣ（不加受詞的情況）
首先討論動詞，不完全不及物動詞又稱連繫動詞，分類如下：
Ａ表連綴：seem, look, appear, feel, sound, taste, smell | ＋ＳＣ |
| B表狀態：be, keep, lie, stand, remain | |
| C表變化過程：become, grow, get, turn, make |
例：This idea sounds very good.
S Vi SC
例：This candy tasted good.
S Vi SC
再者，主詞補語的型態多變，可為Ｎ／ａｄｊ／ｔｏ V
以下就主詞補語之不同型態舉例之：
Ｓ＋Ｖｉ＋Ｎ（Ｖｉｎｇ形式）
例：I haven't finished reading the book yet.
Ｓ Vi Ving形式作補語
此類動詞尚有：
| finish, quit, deny, consider, give up, suggest, avoid, recommend, postpone, delay, enjoy, propose…… | +Ving |
Ｓ＋Ｖｉ＋ａｄｊ
例：He appears ill.
S Vi adj.
例：It seems correct.
S Vi adj.
Ｓ＋Ｖｉ＋ｔｏ Ｖ
例：I wish to go, but my mother wishes me to stay at home.
S Vi toV 連 S Vt O OC adv
此類動詞尚有：
| wish, hope, choose, plan, learn, agree, fail, refuse, promise, help…… | ＋to V |
★以上兩種主詞補語都能使用的動詞列於下：
| like, love, hate, prefer, begin, start, continue…… | ＋Ving／to V |
第二種主動態：Ｓ＋Ｖｉ＋ＳＣ＋介＋Ｎ（有受詞的情況）
例：He is proud of his wealth.
S Vi SC 介 N
例：He is eager for knowledge.
S Vi SC 介 N
例：”Sour” is opposite to “sweet”.
S Vi SC 介 N