[英文文法] 動詞時態以及其被動語態
在我們所熟知的中文文法中，動詞的變化不分時態，例如beV的「是」，不論現在、過去，或未來，都用「是」；但在英文中卻因為敘述時間的不同而使動詞產生奇妙的變化（is/was/been），動詞的變化代表的是敘述情節的重要關鍵，因為聽者和講者必須在時態上有共同的連結，才能完整表達語意。英文以現在式、過去式，以及未來式為主軸各開分出四種時態，因此共有十二種。
一、現在式
現在簡單式：最常用來表示例行的事務、狀態、動作或不變的真理和格言。
主動態：Ｖｓ／Ｖｅｓ
被動態：ｂｅ＋Ｖｐｐ
例：John teaches English.
例：Mary goes to church on Sundays.
例：The earth is round.
例：When certain catalyst is added in chemical reaction the speed of reaction process will increase.
例：Are you taught Japanese at school?
例：Chinese is used by Chinese.
※注意：表示時間或條件的副詞子句中，用現在式代替未來式。
例：He will visit you when he comes tomorrow.
例：If it is fine tomorrow, he will come.
例：I will have my Thanksgiving Holiday spent on the home right after I complete my final exam.
例：Unless the economic in USA prosperously improves next year, all the residents will face a big financial hazard in the future.
現在進行式：用以表示正在進行的動作；★不久將發生的動作；經常反覆的動作。
主動態：ｂｅ＋Ｖｉｎｇ
被動態：ｂｅ＋ｂｅｉｎｇ＋Ｖｉｎｇ
例：It is raining now.
例：He is arriving tonight.
例：We are leaving on Thursday.
例：We are getting married in May.
例：He is dying.
例：I am going to do it tomorrow.（be going to表示意向、打算，或不久後可能發生的事）
例：How long are you going to stay in Taipei?（你打算在台北待多久？）
例：What is Mary going to five John?（Mary打算送John什麼？）
例：It’s going to be a fine day tomorrow.（明天將會是晴天）
例：They are always quarrelling.
例：She is always wasting money.
例：I am being taught English by him.
例：I am being taken to the theater (by the Smiths) tonight.
現在完成式：現在完成式最重要的就是有一個以現在為「ending point」的關鍵，以表達截至現在為止動作的完成；過去到現在為止的動作或狀態；截至目前為止的經驗。
主動態：ｈａｖｅ／ｈａｓ＋Ｖｐｐ
被動態：ｈａｖｅ／ｈａｓ＋ｂｅｅｎ＋Ｖｐｐ
例：I have just finished it.
例：He has had lunch. have lunch
┌例：Think (what you have done) in the past.（想想你以前做過的事）
└例：Think what you did yesterday.（想想你昨天做的事）
例：Have you read the newspaper today?
例：We have had little rain this year.
例：He has come back now.
例：Have you seen him lately?
例：He has lived here since he was born.
例：I haven’t seen her for a long time.
┌例：He has been ill for a week.（表示生病到現在都沒好）
└例：He was ill for a week.（表示過去生病，但現在好了）
例：It hasn’t rained for more than a month.
例：Have you ever been in HK before?
例：Has he ever been to Japan?
┌例：He has gone to Japan.（他去了日本，且人在日本）
└例：He has been to Japan.（他曾經去過日本）
例：Jose. H. Vitaro left Europe when he was in his early teens and he hasn’t seen his parents for thirty years.
例：For many decades, commercial U.S. agricultural has been beset by chronic problems.
例：Since the 1930s, anthropology has been considered more directly related to the social science.
例：We haven’t been told (what has happened).
例：Have the letters been written?
例：Are you going to see the movie to night?
助+主+動
例：Do you get up early?
例：Have you seen him lately?
例：All of his money has been stolen.
例：Since 1900, the government of some mid-European nations have been devoted to solving the housing problems from which people suffered.
※注意：現在完成式常常和since+一段時間+ago/指定的時間；或for+一段時間。
現在完成進行式：表是從過去一直持續到現在，且還會一直繼續的動作或狀態。
主動態：ｈａｖｅ／ｈａｓ＋ｂｅｅｎ＋Ｖｉｎｇ
被動態：無
例：How long have you been studying English?
例：Mr. Lin has been teaching in the school since 1950.
例：Is has been raining since three days ago.
例：Have they been waiting for me long?
例：What has she been doing?
二、過去式
過去簡單式：表示過去的事實、動作、狀態、經驗或習慣，並不影響現在，只是陳述一個過去的事情。
主動態：Ｖｅｄ
被動態：ｗａｓ／ｗｅｒｅ＋Ｖｐｐ
例：In 1800, the forerunners of ancient Egyptian people indulged themselves in the solution of [how the pyramids impacted them].（在1800那一整年的動作）
例：What did you have for breakfast?
問：助+主+主動
例：Do you get up at bam?
例：Did you get up at bam?
例：Did you ever meet him?
例：He often came to see me.
例：He used to take a walk in the morning.
例：The American Automobile Association was founded in 1902 to coordinate the activities of various local organizations of motorists.
例：Mrs. Davis’ only son was born two years ago.
例：The book was written in English.
例：Where they killed by him?
例：Bill and Mary were not invited to the party.
過去進行式：表示過去「某時」正在進行的動作；過去某時的意圖或計畫。
主動態：ｗａｓ／ｗｅｒｅ＋Ｖｉｎｇ
被動態：ｗａｓ／ｗｅｒｅ＋ｂｅｉｎｇ＋Ｖｐｐ
※注意：在過去式中同一時間所發生的兩件事，其一使用過去進行式；其一使用過去簡單式。
例：It was raining when we started.
例：Jammine was doing (what he had been asked to complete) when her mother returned home from work.
例：He was going out when I arrived.
例：I was reading a letter when he came in.
例：We were living in Tainan then.(那時)
例：Is was getting darker.
例：Tom told me that [they were coming before long].(不久後)
例：We were being taught English by him.
例：The car was not being driven carefully.
過去完成式：關鍵點在於動作或經驗完結於過去的某一個時間點。
主動態：ｈａｄ＋Ｖｐｐ
被動態：ｈａｄ＋ｂｅｅｎ＋Ｖｐｐ
例：Before I graduated from N.T.U., the states was a place which I had never been to.
例：I had just finished my work then.（我那時剛完成工作）
例：I was hungry because I hadn’t had breakfast.
例：When we received the letter, he had been ill for two weeks.
例：He said that he had seen it once.（他說他曾看過一次）
例：He told me that my exercise had been done very carelessly.
例：The house had been burned down when the fireman arrived.
例：They couldn’t figure out(想出來) [what had happened in the school campus] until the police arrived.
※注意：兩件事情都發生在過去，必須依故事情節區分兩者時態，較早發生過去簡單式；較晚發生用過去完成式。
過去完成進行式：表示動作或狀態持續至過去某時，且當時依然持續進行。
主動態：ｈａｄ＋ｂｅｅｎ＋Ｖｉｎｇ
被動態：無
例：Before the game was over, the man had been preparing for the test for at least two hours.
例：Before I got the ticket fine from traffic police, my alert in driving had been deteriorating; however, the defeat awoke me, and my attention was better after that.
三、未來式
未來簡單式：表示未來將發生的動作或狀態，請區別現在進行式的用法（表示不久後會發生的事）。
主動態：ｗｉｌｌ＋Ｖ原形
被動態：ｗｉｌｌ＋ｂｅ＋Ｖｐｐ
※注意：I和we可用主動詞shall（will可和shall互換）
例：I shall be fifteen years old next month.
例：We shall not be able to go.
例：She will not be there.
例：I shall be punished by John.
┌例：Will all the bananas be sold abroad?
└例：Will they be invited to the party next week?
助 主 主動
未來進行式：表示未來「某時」會進行的動作。
主動態：ｗｉｌｌ＋ｂｅ＋Ｖｉｎｇ
被動態：ｗｉｌｌ＋ｂｅ＋ｂｅｉｎｇ＋Ｖｐｐ（通常不使用）
例：He will be travelling on the train this time tomorrow.
例：The theater will be getting better by then.（到那時）
例：Will he be going to the party?
未來完成式：關鍵在於動作或經驗將會截止於未來某個時間點。
主動態：ｗｉｌｌ＋ｈａｖｅ＋Ｖｐｐ
被動態：ｗｉｌｌ＋ｈａｖｅ＋ｂｅｅｎ＋Ｖｐｐ
例：He will have finished his work by six o'clock.
例：We shall have lived here for five years by the end of the year.
例：If I read this book once, I will have read it ten times.
例：The work will have been finished by then.（到那時）
例：Everything will have been eaten by the time we get there.
※注意：表示未來時間或條件的副詞子句中，須用現在完成式代替未來完成式。
例：I'll stay here until you have finished your work.
例：When you have finished four thousand English words,you will be able to read a newspaper.
※注意：未來完成式可以表是對過去事件的推測。
例：That book will have been read by the students already.（我想那些學生已經讀過這本書了）
未來完成進行式：從過去某時開始的動作或經驗，現在仍然進行，而於未來某時將完成的時態。
主動態：ｗｉｌｌ＋ｈａｖｅ＋ｂｅｅｎ＋Ｖｉｎｇ
被動態：無
例：By June, we shall have been learning English for three years.
例：If it rains tomorrow, it will have been raining for a week.
例：Before the end of the semester, I will have been attending the well-known private school for one and half year; however, I am convinced that I will need to take a longer time for the completion of my study after the end of next semester.
※注意：未來完成進行式可以表達對過去已經持續一段時間的動作推測。
(I suppose [that you have been waiting for me some time].)
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